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EW004a 33x42 tutenkhamun death mask papyrus painting
papyrus painting 33cm x 42cm Tutenkhamun's death mask. Discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, this death mask now has pride of place in Cairo Museum's Tutenkhamun exhibit. Click the 'Add Item To Cart' button to buy this papyrus painting
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EW002a 33x42 anubis hathor papyrus painting
papyrus painting 33cm x 42cm on light papyrus shows Pharaoh conversing with God of the dead Anubis, and again presenting an offering to the Goddess Hathor. God Anubis is identified by the human figure with the head of a dog or jackal, while Goddess Hathor is identified by cows horns and the solar disc.
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Egyptian Pharaohs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A chronological listing of known Egyptian Pharaohs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time period | Dynasty | Pharaoh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3000 B.C. to 2850 B.C. | First | Narmer, also known as Menes king of Upper Egypt conquered the entire Nile valley uniting Upper and Lower Egypt for the first time, thus becoming the first known Pharaoh. Aha founded the city of Memphis in Lower Egypt, and pacified the remaining resistance to unified rule. Uadji led an expedition into the Sinai Peninsula, extending the reach of the Pharaohs. Udimi acknowledged as the originator of the Heb-Shed festival, and of vaulted construction using quarried stone. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2850 B.C. to 2770 B.C. | Second | Hotepsekmemwy followed by Ranab and Nynatjar, little is known of these three Pharaohs. Peribsen defeated coup attemps by Upper Egypt princes. Khasekhemwi credited with beginning the cult of Horus and with expanding the Pharaohs hold southward into Nubia (Sudan). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2770 B.C. to 2620 B.C. | Third | Zoser known to the Greeks as Aesculapius constructed the first Egyptian pyramid in Saqqara. Further extended his empire both South and East. Sekhemkhet began construction of his own pyramid, but did not complete it. He is credited with building the Egyptian equivalent of the Great Wall of China to fortify his borders. Sanakhte like his predecessor, failed to construct his mausoleum. His tomb was found on the site of the Unas mortuary temple. Khaba is given credit for the construction of a small pyramid found at Zawiyat Al-Aryan. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2620 B.C. to 2500 B.C. | Fourth | Snefru opened the first known turquoise mines in Nubia(Sudan). He is also credited with building the first smooth faced pyramid. Khufu also known as Cheops, builder of the first Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of modern day Cairo. Khufu appointed family members to position of importance within the priesthood and confiscated temple properties and wealth. Redjedef also known as Dedefre usurped the throne on the death of Khufu. The throne was retaken by Khafre. Khafre built the second Great Pyramid at Giza. Mankaure also called Mycerinus, returned several of the properties confiscated by Khufu. Built the third, and smallest, pyramid at Giza. Shepseskaf, history records that he built a number of necropolis containing mastabas and small pyramids, but not the locations. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2500 B.C. to 2350 B.C. | Fifth | Usarkaf builder of several pyramids at Saqqara. Sahure builder of the first canal from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Invaded the Realm of Punt. Builder of various payramids and a solar temple at Abu Sir. Neferirkare built a pyramid and several temples at Abu Sir. Nyusserre abandoned ongoing construction at Abu Sir and switched pyramid construction back to Saqqara. Unas in his pyramid the pyramid texts and the wisdom of Ptah-Hotep were discovered. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2350 B.C. to 2180 B.C. | Sixth | Teti first recorded user of a mercenary army. Pepi saw the decline of royal power. A magnificent copper statue of this Pharaoh shows the heights attained by Egyptian artists of this period. Pepi II reigned for 94 years from the age of six. The longest reign recorded for any ruler. Pepi II saw royal power decrease still further. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2180 B.C. to 2160 B.C. | Seventh and Eighth | These are mentioned in scripts found in the temples, but no details exist. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2130 B.C. to 2120 B.C. | Ninth and Tenth | Neferkare 2130 B.C. is the only Pharaoh from this period identified by name. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 2120 B.C. to 1991 B.C. | Eleventh | Sehertani-Antef proclaimed himself king and ruled for only two years. Mentuhotep I regained the support of the middle classes and ruled from Lower Egypt. He built an extensive mortuary temple with pyramid and colonnade at Thebes. Menuhotep II and Menuhotep III continued the consolidation of power and re-opened Red Sea trade routes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1991 B.C. to 1785 B.C. | Twelfth | Amanemhet I rose from vizier of Menuhotep III to Pharaoh in his own right. He was able to re-exert influence over the Fayyum and as far south as the third cataract of the Nile. Sesostris I also called Senusret introduced co-regency with his son in an attempt to ensure dynastic continuity. Amenemhet II extended the Egyptian empire to the Syrian coast and Palestine. Amenemhet III built a royal palace at Lake Fayyum which Greek writings recorded as 'The Labyrinth'. Sesostris III continued expansion of the Egyptian empire. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1785 B.C. to 1745 B.C. | Thirteenth | Sekhemre married the ruling regent and shared power. Nubia seceded from the empire. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1745 B.C. to 1700 B.C. | Fourteenth | Neferhotep saw the Delta lands invaded by the Hyksos. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1700 B.C. to 1622 B.C. | Fifteenth | Salitis first Hyksos king of Lower Egypt. Apophis last Hyksos king, defeated by the kings of Upper Egypt. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1622 B.C. to 1580 B.C. | Sixteenth | Kamose drove the Hyksos out of middle Egypt. Amhose reconquered Nubia in the south, drove the Hyksos out of Egyptian lands as far as Palestine, and overcame internal rebellions to re-unite the entire empire of Egypt. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1700 B.C. to 1580 B.C. | Seventeenth | Shadow monarchy which survived in Lower Egypt throughout the Hyksos occupation - we have not been able to find any names. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1580 B.C. to 1314 B.C. | Eighteenth | Amhose the brother of the 16th Dynasty Pharaoh of the same name, continued his brother's work of consolidation of power. Amenophis I extended the empire to the banks of the Euphrates river. The Hittites and Mitanni (Asian) peoples skirmished with the invading Egyptians. Thutmosis I expanded Thebes and Abydos, and the temple of Karnak. He worked to combine the religious cults of Amun and Thoth. Thutmosis II married his half-sister Hatshepsut, and overcame internal rebellions, entrenching the Pharaohs power. Hatshepsut ruled for 20 years as regent for her son. She was known to wear male clothing and the false beard of Pharaoh. Hattshepsut worked on developing trade with the realm of Punt. Thutmosis II during the 34 remaining years of his reign after his mother's death, won numerous battles against the Mitanni, expanding the Egyptian empire throughout Syria and the Mediterranean Islands. Amenophis II established peace with the Mitanni by the marriage of his son to the daughter of the king of the Artatama section of the Mitanni. Thutmosis IV enjoyed a brief interlude of peace due to his Mitanni marriage. Amenophis III took the daughters of both the Mitanni king and the Babylonian king as his wives, further extending the peace. In the latter years of his reign, minor warfare broke out with the Hittite peoples. Amenophis IV also known as Akhenaten, replaced the existing religion of Amun with worship of a single God (Aten) under whom all people are equal and Pharaoh is the prophet of Aten. He moved the royal court and capital city of the empire from Thebes to a purpose built city in central Egypt, Akhetaten. Nefertiti wife of Akhenaten, reigned as regent for her son Tutenkhaten and again after his death.The city of Akhetaten disappeared after her death. Tutenkhaten more famously known as Tutenkhamun was persuaded by the priests to leave his mother behind in Akhetaten and transfer his capital back to Thebes, from where the cult of Amun was re-established. He died mysteriously at the age of eighteen. Nefertiti second reign. Horemheb a one time friend of Akenaten, and one of his most famous generals, became Pharaoh on Nefertiti's death. He refuted his faith in Aten, re-adopting the old Gods. Akenaten is vilified as the heretic Pharaoh and his name is erased from statues and monuments. Horemheb worked to stem administrative corruption which was making life miserable for the Egyptian middle class. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1314 B.C. to 1200 B.C. | Nineteenth | Rameses I former general, and advisor to Horemheb, moves the capital of the Egyptian empire to Tanis. Thebes continues as capital of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt, and headquarters of the cult of Amun. Seti I repulses an invasion by the Hittites who had advanced as far as the Sinai. He also recaptured Pheonicia and occupied Kadesh in the face of strong Hittite opposition. Rameses II moved the royal residence to Avaris, strengthened the defenses of Tanis, and once more drove the Hittites back as far as Kadesh. Rameses II was able to make peace with the Hittites, uniting against a common enemy, the Assyrians. During either the reign of Rameses II or his successor Merneptah, the Israelite exodus from Egypt took place. Merneptah repulsed invasion by the 'peoples of the sea', an alliance of the Mediterranean coastal countries including Sicilians, Etruscans and Libyans. Seti II inherited administrative and economic crisis. The Libyans continually invaded the Delta lands throughout his reign. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1200 B.C. to 1085 B.C. | Twentieth | Sethnakht destroyed the Libyan invaders and recovered all lost lands. Rameses III established conscription for military service during his 11 year reign. He was murdered by enemies made during his attempts to drive corruption out of his court. Rameses IV through X each rose to power and in turn were also murdered as a result of internal palace politics. Rameses XI saw his power drained away by Amenhotep Herihor, High Priest of Amun. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1085 B.C. to 950 B.C. | Twenty First | Mendes governed Lower Egypt from Tanis. Plankhi son of Herihor, succeeded his father as ruler in Upper Egypt. Pinudjem I succeeded Plankhi in Upper Egypt. Menkheperre succeeded Pinudjem I in Upper Egypt. |
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| 950 B.C. to 893 B.C. | Twenty Second | Sheshonq I, a Libyan leader whose family repulsed an attack by King Solomon of Palestine, ascended to the throne of Egypt. After King Solomon's death Sheshonq renewed attempts to conquer Palestine. Osokron I once again faced problems with the power of the priests of Thebes. Nubia seceded again and created a new state with Sudan. |
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| 757 B.C. to 748 B.C. | Twenty Third | Osorkon III managed to repair relations with the priests of Thebes. |
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| 730 B.C. to 716 B.C. | Twenty Fourth | Tefnakhte king of Sais recaptured part of Lower Egypt but was beaten back by Pianke when he attempted to retake Upper Egypt. Faced invasion by the Assyrians. Bocchoris made peace with the Assyrians, but had internal problems stopping persecution of the lower and middle classes by the rich priests. |
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| 751 B.C. to 655 B.C. | Twenty Fifth | Piankhi captured Upper Egypt and amalgamated it into the Nubian kingdom. Shabaka established Thebes as the capital of the re-united Upper Egypt and Nubia. Invaded Lower Egypt after concluding a peace pact with the Assyrians. Shabataka successfully put down a rebellion by the king of Judeah, then faced defeat at the hands of the Assyrians, somehow avoiding total destruction. Taharka faced rebellion by the princes of the Delta region, followed by another invasion by the Assyrians. He fled South into Nubia. Tanutamon continued to suffer from Assyrian invasions and saw them destroy Thebes. |
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| 666 B.C. to 525 B.C. | Twenty Sixth | Necho king of Sais took the throne of Upper Egypt as a figurehead for the invading Assyrians. Psamtik I also called Psammeticus used Assyrian help to conquer the Delta region, then formed an alliance with the Mediterranean coast cities which drove out the Assyrians. Necho II rebuilt the Red Sea canal. Psamtik II retook Nubia, but failed in other military ventures. His reign saw the erosion of the peoples' acceptance of Pharaoh as a God. Psamtik III faced invasion by the Persians, he committed suicide after a final defeat. |
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| 524 B.C. to 404 B.C. | Twenty Seventh | Cambyses invading king of Persia, claimed the throne of Egypt through maternal descent. Darius I reorganised the economy, once more re-opening the Red Sea canal. Xerxes survived a revolt in Lower Egypt. Artaxerxes also survived Lower Egypt rebellion. Darius II faced a third Lower Egypt revolt, this one led by Amyrtaeus. |
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| 404 B.C. to 398 B.C. | Twenty Eighth | Amyrtaeus freed Egypt from persian rule and restored the unified kingdoms to a position of world power and influence. |
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| 398 B.C. to 378 B.C. | Twenty Ninth | Nephritis I leader of the Egyptian army assumed power. Achoris rebuilt the Egyptian fleet and made alliance with Greece and Cyprus against the Persians and Spartans . |
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| 378 B.C. to 311 B.C. | Thirtieth | Nectanebo II assumed the throne in a coup. A Persian invasion across Sinai was stopped by the annual flooding of the Nile. Pharaoh was betrayed by Greek mercenaries and forced to flee into Upper Egypt. Kabbas is declared Pharaoh by the priests of Memphis but reigned for only two years. Darius III reconquered Egypt for the Persians, and survived several uprisings. Alexander the Great, a Macedonian, asked for aid by the Egyptians trying to unseat Darius III, drove the Persians out of Egypt. He was declared the son of Ra by the oracle of Luxor, and founded Alexandria as his capital. Philip Arrhidaeus brother of Alexander met his death by assassination. Alexander Aegos said to be the son of Alexander the Great, is rumoured to be the assassin of his uncle, as well as his successor. |
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| 311 B.C. to 32 B.C. | Ptolemaic | Ptolemy I Soter self-proclaimed king of all Egypt, recaptured Syria and the Aegean islands. Ptolemy II Philadelphus recaptured Tyre, Sidon and Cyprus. he formed a friendship pact with Rome and reopened the Red sea canal. Ptolemy III Everegetes further expanded the empire, adopting the title Lord of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Ptolemy IV Philopater began the decay of the empire and the descent of the royal family. Ptolemy V Epiphanes moved his capital to Syria after marrying Cleopatra I daughter of King Antiochusand continued the dissolute lifestyle of his predecessor. Ptolemy XII Auletes brought the royal family back to Egypt after an absence of more than 100 years, under the patronage of the Roman governor of Syria. Ptolemy XIII Neos Dionysos purchased the throne of Egypt from the Roman Senate. His sister Cleopatra VII married Caesar, absolute ruler of the Roman Empire. Cleopatra VII ruled as regent for her son Caesarion, and began the reconquest of the Asian territories previously part of the Egyptian empire. Rome saw this as a threat to the Roman Empire and declared war on Egypt. Following defeat at the battle of Actium Cleopatra is said to have committed suicide, ending the rule of the Pharaohs forever. |
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